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	<title>International Journal of Knowledge and Learning</title>
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	<link>http://ijkl.info</link>
	<description></description>
	<pubDate>Sun, 16 May 2010 13:00:56 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>The Better Knowledge</title>
		<link>http://ijkl.info/?p=411</link>
		<comments>http://ijkl.info/?p=411#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 16 May 2010 13:00:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[business]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[The Better Knowledge]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ijkl.info/?p=411</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[We  need some knowledge for better world. This is become the first issue for some nation. Why we  put our children’s future with the bad lessons? This is our task to make  sure they get the best for them, for us, and for our nation. The technology is  going forward with [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">We  need some knowledge for better world. This is become the first issue for some nation. Why we  put our children’s future with the bad lessons? This is our task to make  sure they get the best for them, for us, and for our nation. The technology is  going forward with their advance programs. IT and engineering become the  knowledge that we need. For the best technology and maximize the potential. This  college will help us to teach some precious lessons for our children.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Check  in the website and find some good information about the college. In the world such this,  the college come with the online programs, so, we can learn anything easily.  No matter from where you are, you have the right to get education. We  cannot count the amount of the educational school, but we know the best are the first choice. Get your </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: blue;"><a href="http://www.classesandcareers.com/online-degrees_it-engineering" target="_blank">engineering schools</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;"> if you  want some engineering programs. This is the time for you to get the amazing  lessons.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black;">Open  your eyes and get the important information about the online or on-campus programs. This  is all about the educational school with the great lesson ever. The better  world depends in our choice. Let’s make the good decision.</span></p>
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		<item>
		<title>The Importance of a Small Business Credit Card</title>
		<link>http://ijkl.info/?p=408</link>
		<comments>http://ijkl.info/?p=408#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 2010 22:26:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Finance]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[application]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[apply]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[best]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[business]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[businesses]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[card]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[compare]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Credit]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[financial]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[new]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[offer]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[offers]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[small]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ijkl.info/?p=408</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Small business plays a vital role in today’s economy.  It is now easier than ever to establish a new business.  According to the US Small Business Administration, small businesses pay over 45% of the US private payroll. Small businesses also employ over half of all private sector employees and provide 60-80 percent of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Small business plays a vital role in today’s economy.  It is now easier than ever to establish a new business.  According to the US Small Business Administration, small businesses pay over 45% of the US private payroll. Small businesses also employ over half of all private sector employees and provide 60-80 percent of new jobs over the past 10 years. With about 28.5 million small businesses in the US alone in 2005, virtually all financial institutions now offer small business loans to qualifiers for a percentage. So why apply for a small business credit card?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Keep Track of All Your Small Business Expenses</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The first and most obvious reason for a small business credit card is to separate personal finances from business related purchases. With your small business credit card, you can make all your transactions by phone, internet or in person. Then get periodic statements detailing all of your business expenses.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Business credit cards are accepted virtually everywhere that you shop.  Covering business purchases with employee’s personal money can get very messy.  So instead of relying on cash, use a business credit card.  Most credit card issuers offer a credit limit for employee cards as well as different methods to monitor how the card is used.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">You no longer have to dread the year-end nightmare of trying to track where and when you spent your money. It’s like having all your book-keeping done automatically for you!  In a digital world, why should your business have to collect every last printed receipt?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Establish Your Small Business</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">A credit card with your business name on it gives your business credibility.  A business credit card looks a lot more professional than paying from your own wallet. It also gains the respect of financial institutions.  Just by owning a business credit card, your business can build credit.  So when you need that business loan, you will get the best interest rate and qualify for higher amounts.  As your credit builds you might also qualify for a lower interest business credit card.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">So even if your business doesn’t have a 6 figure budget, a business credit card could help your business grow.  You never know when your business might suddenly need extra money.  Office equipment might need immediate replacement.  Without a business credit card, financing could drastically interfere with your daily routine.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Earn Rewards with a Business Credit Card</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">You can also save money and earn rewards.  Certain business credit cards give you cash back on all your purchases.  Other cards give you varying cash back percentages depending on where you shop…gas stations, grocery stores, office supply stores, etc.  A cash back business credit card is a great way to increase your profit margin.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Other cards give you airline travel rewards just for using your credit card.  . For instance, if your company has frequent business plane trips, then small business credit cards that offer travel miles, hotel accommodations or travel insurance are most suitable. This type of credit card could give you travel discounts, free flights, free companion travel or upgraded flight seating.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Not only does a small business credit card provide convenience and rewards, it also helps to build business credit for the future of your company as you watch it grow!  Research the business credit cards available and find the card that best suits your business needs. Finance your business for today and tomorrow.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>In Store: J&amp;T European Gourmet Food</title>
		<link>http://ijkl.info/?p=401</link>
		<comments>http://ijkl.info/?p=401#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 19 Feb 2010 13:01:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[food]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ijkl.info/?p=401</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The neon sign in the window says “Polish Sausage Factory,” and many people know J&#38;T by no other name. The sausage is their claim to fame, but they make and sell much more. Their hams and bacon are fresh-smoked the traditional Northern European way, and the deli cases and shelves are lined with top-quality imported [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">The neon sign in the window says “Polish Sausage Factory,” and many people know J&amp;T by no other name. The sausage is their claim to fame, but they make and sell much more. Their hams and bacon are fresh-smoked the traditional Northern European way, and the deli cases and shelves are lined with top-quality imported and domestic sauerkraut, pastries, pierogies, herb teas, chocolates and other delights. Still, the sausage is the big draw at the Santa Monica store—dry beef sausages and German-style pork, plus a variety of versions of the garlicky kielbasa. There are several regional varieties, some flavored with juniper berry, caraway and other herbs. Many are available either smoked or fresh—the fresh sausages can be boiled, fried or barbecued. All are vastly better than the prepackaged and preservative-laden stuff you’ll find at the supermarket. The shopping experience at J&amp;T is a delight; it has been a gathering place for Northern Europeans for more than thirty years, and you’ll hear animated conversations in Polish, Lithuanian and German among your fellow customers.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Purchasing Cheap Rugs Online</title>
		<link>http://ijkl.info/?p=399</link>
		<comments>http://ijkl.info/?p=399#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2010 11:40:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[internet marketing]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Cheap Rugs]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ijkl.info/?p=399</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[You have a plan to redecorate your house but you don’t have time and money to do that. People will prefer to hire a professional to do the job but still it will cost your arms and legs. Well, actually to give your home decoration a new look, you don’t need to redecorate the whole [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="writingJob"><span lang="EN-GB">You have a plan to redecorate your house but you don’t have time and money to do that. People will prefer to hire a professional to do the job but still it will cost your arms and legs. Well, actually to give your home decoration a new look, you don’t need to redecorate the whole part of your house or break your bank account to pay a home interior designer. What you need to do is just choosing stuff that is able to provide a significant change to your current home decoration. One of the stuffs that you can use to help you decorating your house is rug.</span></p>
<p class="writingJob"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.superiorrugs.com/rugs/clearance-rugs/clearance-rugs.htm">Rugs</a> is not only functional as the floor cover to provide warm and comfort to your house but also has high value as decorative stuff since rugs are available in many designs and styles. Do you prefer simplicity design of rug for your house? Surely, Oriental Rugs with simple pattern design can be your alternative choice or for you, who like elegant touch of rugs for your home decoration, don’t hesitate to choose Persian Rugs which is rich of pattern and high quality material. For the need of high quality but <a href="http://www.superiorrugs.com/">Cheap Rugs</a>, Superior Rugs is the only place that you should go. They are the first-handed rug retailer which has a very broad collection of rugs from <a href="http://www.superiorrugs.com/rugs/final-clearance-rugs/final-clearance-rugs.htm">Area Rugs</a> up to clearance rugs which are produced and distributed under one roof. That is why, they don’t afraid to sell their rugs in cheap price because they can keep the margin for themselves.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB">To ensure you more toward the reliability of this online retailer in providing you high quality and affordable rugs, don’t hesitate to drag your mouse and click Superiorrugs.com for the further and detail information about each product that they offer.</span></span></p>
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		<title>Branded Accessories for Chevy</title>
		<link>http://ijkl.info/?p=396</link>
		<comments>http://ijkl.info/?p=396#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 06 Jan 2010 10:51:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[internet marketing]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Accessories Chevy]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ijkl.info/?p=396</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[For you, the brand is important. You love branded clothes, branded shoes, and even branded cars. Thus, you pick Chevrolet to be your vehicle because you know this brand is the symbol of high quality and luxurious car around the country. 
You really like the design of your Chevy Impala, but you still cannot stop [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">For you, the brand is important. You love branded clothes, branded shoes, and even branded cars. Thus, you pick Chevrolet to be your vehicle because you know this brand is the symbol of high quality and luxurious car around the country. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">You really like the design of your Chevy Impala, but you still cannot stop yourself from doing modification to the car. You keep visiting Carid.com and order the <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.carid.com/chevy-accessories/">Chevy accessories</a></span> that you need to make your car looks more luxurious and exclusive than before. And for this, the online store is the only one which can give you the best accessories from all the top brands around the automotive market. The grilles make the front part of your Chevy looks outstanding because of the chrome coating, while the back looks so hot with the new spoiler. The navigation and the custom gauge increase the attraction of your dashboard that you can not only drive safely but also charmingly. The HID kits that you install recently make the night feel like the day when you drive down your Chevy on the road after sunset. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">You just want your Chevy Impala to be the best for you and you know that the only store which can give you all the branded accessories for any Chevy model is the online store which you keep visiting. </span></p>
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		<item>
		<title>The Best Web Hosting Provider for Your Website</title>
		<link>http://ijkl.info/?p=392</link>
		<comments>http://ijkl.info/?p=392#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 12:30:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[computer]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[web hosting]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ijkl.info/?p=392</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[There are a lot of aspects that are supposed to be your concern before you trusted one web hosting provider to manage your website. The fact today is there are a lot of web hosting providers which are promising their best service for you. However, surely you are not falling easily to their sweet advertisement [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There are a lot of aspects that are supposed to be your concern before you trusted one web hosting provider to manage your website. The fact today is there are a lot of web hosting providers which are promising their best service for you. However, surely you are not falling easily to their sweet advertisement that is why a little research is always worthy to conduct in this matter. If you don’t know from where you should start searching, perhaps asking yourself about what kinds of web hosting that you expected from one provider is a good start. And after you find out what you need, it is the time for you to search one web hosting provider that is able to fulfil all of your requirements.<br />
In this matter there is one easy way that is highly recommended for you to find one reliable web hosting with special features that you want; it is just by doing a simply click to Web Hosting Geek. This site provides you the complete information about all reliable <a href="http://webhostinggeeks.com/">web hosting</a> providers which are displayed in the form of list with objective review for each provider. So, through that list you can compare one web hosting to the other to find one that suit best to you. Furthermore, for you who are looking for specific web hosting such as <a href="http://webhostinggeeks.com/vpshosting.html">vps hosting</a> or shared hosting but you don’t know yet which best for your website is, well, don’t need to worry either because this site provides all of the answer that you need for all of your questions.</p>
<p>Moreover, for you who are running a commercial website, surely there is no a better option but <a href="http://webhostinggeeks.com/dedicatedserverhosting.html">dedicated server</a>. So, whenever you find some confusion toward your website management solution, don’t hesitate to click Webhostinggeek.com for the answer.</p>
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		<title>Watch Roulette Live Show On TV Today</title>
		<link>http://ijkl.info/?p=388</link>
		<comments>http://ijkl.info/?p=388#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 12:15:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[internet marketing]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ijkl.info/?p=388</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Today, many kinds of entertainment can be enjoyed on the television. You can watch various programs from comedy show to movies. You just need to switch over the remote control and great programs are ready to enjoy. If you like to play casino and you usually visit the land-based casino to have some fun, now [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Today, many kinds of entertainment can be enjoyed on the television. You can watch various programs from comedy show to movies. You just need to switch over the remote control and great programs are ready to enjoy. If you like to play casino and you usually visit the land-based casino to have some fun, now you don’t need to do it anymore. The casino is presented on TV today and you can enjoy it every day. It is nice to enjoy casino game from the TV since you don’t need to leave your convenient room.</p>
<p>The live roulette program is presented by SuperCasino and LiveRoulette special for you. When you need to get entertainment while you are staying at home, just go to Sky Channel 886 and enjoy your favorite <a href="http://www.live-roulette-tv.com/liveroulette.html">live roulette</a> there. This is a popular show that most people love these days. To join the attractive live show, you should at least 18 year old and stay in UK. If you meet the requirements, you are free to place your bet. Before placing your bet, you are required to register first and when you have completed the registration form, you will get an account from them. With the account, you are free to place your bet via phone or online. A presenter will guide you during the show and ready to make the game more alive. When you are watching the <a href="http://www.live-roulette-tv.com/">live roulette tv</a>, you will be impressed with the real wheel that they use. They present the European wheel and use the same rules as the traditional casino. When you have placed your bet, the croupier is ready to spin the wheel and you just need to hope that luck will come to you. <a href="http://www.live-roulette-tv.com/">Liveroulettetv</a> is totally fun entertainment that you can rely on while you are at home.</p>
<p>Detail description about this game show is available at Live-roulette-tv.com. Don’t hesitate to sign up today since the massive welcome bonus is waiting for you. With the live roulette, enjoying casino game is getting simpler. They keep the show attractive from day to day and ensure that you get the maximum excitement during the show. Just switch on your television soon and enjoy the fun from your bedroom.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>All About Rudolph and Santa&#8217;s Other Reindeers</title>
		<link>http://ijkl.info/?p=386</link>
		<comments>http://ijkl.info/?p=386#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Dec 2009 22:24:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Traveling]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ijkl.info/?p=386</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Maybe it&#8217;s the undeniable alliterative appeal of Rudolph the Red-Nosed reindeer that makes him the most known or popular of all Santa&#8217;s nine flying reindeers.  It certainly doesn&#8217;t seem as easy to come up with a similar catchy description for the others - Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner and Blitzen - as named [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Maybe it&#8217;s the undeniable alliterative appeal of Rudolph the Red-Nosed reindeer that makes him the most known or popular of all Santa&#8217;s nine flying reindeers.  It certainly doesn&#8217;t seem as easy to come up with a similar catchy description for the others - Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner and Blitzen - as named in the song.<br />
The story of Rudolph whose glowing red nose made him a standout, first appeared in 1939 when Montgomery Ward department stores distributed about 2.4 million booklets with the poem in the form of a story about &#8220;Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.&#8221; It was written by Robert L. May, who worked in the store&#8217;s advertisement or marketing department, to be used to attract more people into the store. When the booklet was reissued in 1939, sales soared to more than 3.5 million copies. But it wasn&#8217;t until a decade later, in 1949, that the story really gained immense popularity when Gene Autry sang a musical version of the fable. As a Christmas song, it is second only in popularity to &#8216;White Christmas.&#8217;<br />
Rudolph, the ninth reindeer whose lighted nose guides Santa&#8217;s sleigh through the night, is now known worldwide as the song has been translated into more than 20 different languages and an animated television movie has also been based on the story. Rudolph and his noticeable nose have also become the subject of jokes and sparked more interest in reindeers which has led to much research into Santa and the flying reindeers who pull his sleigh through the sky.<br />
Along with the catchy rhythm of the lyrics, Rudolph&#8217;s story is also appealing because of the moral lessons it contains. As the story goes, Rudolph was ostracized by the other reindeers, which laughed and teased him about his shiny<br />
red nose. But on a foggy night, when Santa must have been concerned that he may not be able to deliver his Christmas gifts around the world, Santa spotted him and kindly asked if he would step to the front as the leader to &#8216;guide my sleigh<br />
tonight.&#8217; His shiny red nose would after all be very useful in lighting the way, Santa thought. From then on &#8216;all of the other reindeers loved him,&#8221; and rightly predicted that he &#8216;would go down in history.&#8217; Among the moral lessons the story can impart is that an attribute that is perceived as negative or as a liability can be used for a positive purpose, or,<br />
become an asset. It also makes the point that an individual should not let the negative behavior of others define him or her and limit expectations of what can be achieved. And it also illustrates how quickly opinions and attitudes about a<br />
person can change. The question still lingers however of where Rudolph came from. He is commonly regarded as the son of Donner (or Donder), one of the original eight reindeers. But the Snopes.com site rejects this however, saying that he dwelled in a reindeer village elsewhere and it was there that he was seen by Santa who had already started on his Christmas Eve journey to deliver gifts. And in a more modern evolution of the story according to Wikipedia.com, an animation by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) introduced a son, named Robbie, of Rudolph. That son has now become the tenth reindeer. It&#8217;s also interesting to note that the idea of Santa&#8217;s sleigh being pulled by reindeers was originated in the poem, &#8216;Twas The Night Before Christmas.&#8217; That poem tells the story of St. Nicholas, who is Santa, calling his eight tiny reindeers by their names, as previously mentioned, just before he came down the chimney of a house to start filling the stockings from a sack full of toys he carried on his back.</p>
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		<title>Best Internet Marketing Service for Successful Business</title>
		<link>http://ijkl.info/?p=382</link>
		<comments>http://ijkl.info/?p=382#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Dec 2009 22:27:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[internet marketing]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Best Internet Marketing Service for Successful Business]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ijkl.info/?p=382</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Do you want to make your business successful? Of course every business owner wants this happen to every business that they have. But, the way to make it happen can be the hardest thing to do. But, there’s a way to make your business successful beyond your expectation, which is the internet marketing. So, why [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial;">Do you want to make your business successful? Of course every business owner wants this happen to every business that they have. But, the way to make it happen can be the hardest thing to do. But, there’s a way to make your business successful beyond your expectation, which is the internet marketing. So, why must internet marketing? It’s because, it has widest range, cheapest price and easiest method. But, although it seems easy, you need to use the best internet marketing service for your business, to make sure your successful goal will definitely achieved.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial;">Therefore, RiseInteractive.com is here for you. This is the best <span style="color: #4f81bd;"><a href="http://www.riseinteractive.com/">Chicago Internet Marketing Company</a></span> that will give you everything that you need to make your business successful through the internet. You also can find best <span style="color: #4f81bd;"><a href="http://www.riseinteractive.com/internet-marketing-services/search-engine-optimization.php">Chicago SEO Company</a></span> here, which will make your business website become more popular and well known. With this service, you can get more customers and of course this condition will make your business improved in profit and popularity. In the end, you can reach your successful goal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial;">So, if you want to make your business successful through the internet, this website is the answer. Visit now or contact this company to get more information about this service. </span></p>
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		<title>Compact Flash Memory and Data Recovery</title>
		<link>http://ijkl.info/?p=379</link>
		<comments>http://ijkl.info/?p=379#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 11:58:39 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[computer]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Compact Flash Memory]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Data Recovery]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Flash memory gets its name due to its microchip arrangement in such a way, that its section of memory cells gets erased in a single action or &#8220;Flash&#8221;.
Both NOR and NAND Flash memory were invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka from Toshiba in 1984.The name &#8216;Flash&#8217; was suggested because the erasure process of the memory contents [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Flash memory gets its name due to its microchip arrangement in such a way, that its section of memory cells gets erased in a single action or &#8220;Flash&#8221;.<br />
Both NOR and NAND Flash memory were invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka from Toshiba in 1984.The name &#8216;Flash&#8217; was suggested because the erasure process of the memory contents reminds a flash of a camera, and it&#8217;s name was coined to express how much faster it could be erased &#8220;in a flash&#8221;. Dr. Masuoka presented the invention at the International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) held in San Jose, California in 1984 and Intel recognizes the potentiality of the invention and introduced the first commercial NOR type flash chip in 1988, with long erase and write times.</p>
<p>Flash memory is a form of non-volatile memory that can be electrically erased and rewrite, which means that it does not need power to maintain the data stored in the chip. In addition, flash memory offers fast read access times and better shock resistance than hard disks. These characteristics explain the popularity of flash memory for applications such as storage on battery-powered devices.</p>
<p>Flash memory is advance from of EEPROM (Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) that allows multiple memory locations to be erased or written in one programming operation. Unlike an EPROM (Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory) an EEPROM can be programmed and erased multiple times electrically. Normal EEPROM only allows one location at a time to be erased or written, meaning that flash can operate at higher effective speeds when the systems using; it read and write to different locations at the same time.</p>
<p>Referring to the type of logic gate used in each storage cell, Flash memory is built in two varieties and named as, NOR flash and NAND flash.<br />
Flash memory stores one bit of information in an array of transistors, called &#8220;cells&#8221;, however recent flash memory devices referred as multi-level cell devices, can store more than 1 bit per cell depending on amount of electrons placed on the Floating Gate of a cell. NOR flash cell looks similar to semiconductor device like transistors, but it has two gates. First one is the control gate (CG) and the second one is a floating gate (FG) that is shield or insulated all around by an oxide layer. Because the FG is secluded by its shield oxide layer, electrons placed on it get trapped and data is stored within. On the other hand NAND Flash uses tunnel injection for writing and tunnel release for erasing.</p>
<p>NOR flash that was developed by Intel in 1988 with unique feature of long erase and write times and its endurance of erase cycles ranges from 10,000 to 100,000 makes it suitable for storage of program code that needs to be infrequently updated, like in digital camera and PDAs. Though, later cards demand moved towards the cheaper NAND flash; NOR-based flash is hitherto the source of all the removable media.</p>
<p>Followed in 1989 Samsung and Toshiba form NAND flash with higher density, lower cost per bit then NOR Flash with faster erase and write times, but it only allows sequence data access, not random like NOR Flash, which makes NAND Flash suitable for mass storage device such as memory cards. SmartMedia was first NAND-based removable media and numerous others are behind like MMC, Secure Digital, xD-Picture Cards and Memory Stick. Flash memory is frequently used to hold control code such as the basic input/output system (BIOS) in a computer. When BIOS needs to be changed (rewritten), the flash memory can be written to in block rather than byte sizes, making it simple to update.<br />
On the other hand, flash memory is not practical to random access memory (RAM) as RAM needs to be addressable at the byte (not the block) level. Thus, it is used more as a hard drive than as a RAM. Because of this particular uniqueness, it is utilized with specifically-designed file systems which extend writes over the media and deal with the long erase times of NOR flash blocks. JFFS was the first file systems, outdated by JFFS2. Then YAFFS was released in 2003, dealing specifically with NAND flash, and JFFS2 was updated to support NAND flash too. Still, in practice most follows old FAT file system for compatibility purposes.</p>
<p>Although it can be read or write a byte at a time in a random access fashion, limitation of flash memory is, it must be erased a &#8220;block&#8221; at a time. Starting with a freshly erased block, any byte within that block can be programmed. However, once a byte has been programmed, it cannot be changed again until the entire block is erased. In other words, flash memory (specifically NOR flash) offers random-access read and programming operations, but cannot offer random-access rewrite or erase operations.</p>
<p>This effect is partially offset by some chip firmware or file system drivers by counting the writes and dynamically remapping the blocks in order to spread the write operations between the sectors, or by write verification and remapping to spare sectors in case of write failure.<br />
Due to wear and tear on the insulating oxide layer around the charge storage mechanism, all types of flash memory erode after a certain number of erase functions ranging from 100,000 to 1,000,000, but it can be read an unlimited number of times. Flash Card is easily rewritable memory and overwrites without warning with a high probability of data being overwritten and hence lost.</p>
<p>In spite of all these clear advantages, worse may occur due to system failure, battery failure, accidental erasure, re-format, power surges, faulty electronics and corruption caused by hardware breakdown or software malfunctions; as a result your data could be lost and damaged.</p>
<p>Flash Memory Data Recovery is the process of restoring data from primary storage media when it cannot be accessed normally. Flash memory data recovery is a flash memory file recovery service that restores all corrupted and deleted photographs even if a memory card was re-formatted. This can be due to physical damage or logical damage to the storage device. Data even from damage flash memory can be recovered, and more than 90% of lost data can be restored.</p>
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